Value Chain Analysis free essay sample

Value Chain Analysis (Starbucks) Primary Activities: †¢Inbound Logistic: Starbucks had its agents travelled regularly to coffee – growing countries to establish relationship with growers and distributors. In sourcing green coffee beans, it was increasingly dealing directly with farmer. It normally offered high prices to ensure that the poor small coffee growers have enough money to cover their production cost and for their families. To buy coffee beans, Starbucks used fixed price purchase commitments to limits its exposure to fluctuating coffee prices in upcoming periods and on occasion, purchased coffee futures contracts to provide price protection. Starbuck sourced bean from multiple geographic areas not only allowed it to offer a variety range of coffee to customer but also spread the company’s risks such as weather, fluctuated price, political and economic issues in coffee-growing areas. This enabled the company to predict prices over multiple crop years. In 2003, Starbucks marketed Fair Trade Certified coffee at most of its retail stores through some 350 universities and hotel locations that were licensed to sell Starbucks coffees. We will write a custom essay sample on Value Chain Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢Operation: Starbucks was able to expand its market through a number of channels such licensing with a reputable and capable local company with retailing know how in the target host-country to develop and operate new Starbucks stores. Starbucks used a local partner/licensee to help it recruit talented employees, set up supplier relationships, locate suitable store sites. To avoid problems, Starbucks looked for partner/licensees that had strong retail/restaurant experience, had values and a corporate culture compatible with Starbucks, were committed to good customer service, possessed talented management and strong financial resources, and had demonstrated brand-building skills. In additional with Starbuck’s strategy in major metropolitan cities was to blanket the area with stores. Though the new tore might generate only few revenue, the management believe ‘Starbucks everywhere’ approach cut down on delivery and management cost, shortened customer lines at individual stores, and increase foot traffic for all store areas. With this store expansion strategy, Starbucks selected a large city to serve as a ‘HUB’; team of professional were located in hub cities to support the goal of open ing stores. At the time of equipment needed for new stores, the retail operation group outlined exactly the minimum amount of equipment each core store needed sot that standard items could be ordered in volume from vendors at 20-30% discount. The whole store layout was developed on computer, with software that allowed the costs to be estimated as the designed evolved †¢Outbound Logistic: Trying to extend the shelf life of packaged Starbucks coffee to 26 weeks, after the beans were roasted and cooled, the coffee were immediately vacuum-sealed in one way valve bags that let out gases naturally produced by fresh-roasted beans without letting oxygen in and kept in one way valve. However, it removed coffees from its shelves after three months. Starbuck had eight roasting factories which allowed them to supplied its stores worldwide. †¢Marketing Sales: Starbucks spent only little money on advertising. Mostly it aimed to build its reputation by world of mouths and cup by cup strategy. This strategy proved to be viable since Starbuck’s reputation reached new market even before store opened. Starbuck had a specialty sales group that provided its coffee product to restaurant, airlines, universities, hospitals, business offices, country club and select retails. This sales group had won many sales agreements for Starbucks such as coffee account at Sheraton and Westin hotels, Wells Fargo to provide coffee service at some of the bank’s locations in California, U. S. Office Product which gave Starbucks an entree to provide its coffee to workers in 1. 5 million business offices and so on. †¢Services: Starbucks intended to provide superior level of customer services. This intention was stated in its mission statement as well â€Å"Develop enthusiastically satisfied customer all of the time†. In building customer loyalty, baristas are the key person to make a strong connection with customer. Starbuck’s management team was emphatic about the importance of employee pay attention to what please customers. Hence, staffs are trained to go out of their way, and to take heroic measures if necessary to make sure customer were fully satisfied. The examples of additional service provided to customer were using skimmed milk when customer requested, and setting up the wireless Internet service in store as its. Support Activities †¢HRM: Starbuck considered its workforces as valuable resources. The managements understand that their growth and prosperity depended on its staffs. Starbucks referred its staffs as partner. Moreover, one of their major objectives was to ingrain the company’s values, principles and culture and to pass on their knowledge about coffee and their passion about Starbucks. Each of its employees/partners is required to complete the training for at least 24 hours.

Free Essays on My First Semester Of College

My First Semester of College The first semester of college for a young man or women can be a monumental step in their life. In my case it was. It was the first time that I had been away from my home in Ft. Walton Beach, Florida. I was not necessarily scared to be away, but I was a little worried about the transition from the skate free ways of high school that I was very used to. The schoolwork was not the only thing that was on my mind as I made my way into the college atmosphere; I was also thinking about doing things on my own and budgeting my time completely by myself. When the first week of classes started I was still worried, somewhat, of the step I was going to have to make in regards to the quality of work that I was going to have to do in order to pass with decent grades. In high school I had made procrastination an immense part of my life; however, it did not affect me too much. I noticed very quickly that the habit I had developed in high school was going to have to stop immediately or I would find myself back in Ft. Walton in no time at all. Consequently my noticing did not help out too well because I continued to procrastinate throughout the semester and found myself in deep voids that were extremely stressful. English paper after English paper I would be up the night before until three in the morning trying to finish it. If I only had started it a day or two earlier instead of putting it off I would have saved myself a lot of stress. Not only did the schoolwork affect my life, but my personal life was affected as well. My girlfriend and I had been dating for almost a year before I made my way to college. Although it was only an hour difference between us, my girlfriend and I had a lot of trouble adjusting to the time apart. Before I had left her and I had only spent very little time apart from each other. Besides schoolwork taking up a big portion of my time, the... Free Essays on My First Semester Of College Free Essays on My First Semester Of College My First Semester of College The first semester of college for a young man or women can be a monumental step in their life. In my case it was. It was the first time that I had been away from my home in Ft. Walton Beach, Florida. I was not necessarily scared to be away, but I was a little worried about the transition from the skate free ways of high school that I was very used to. The schoolwork was not the only thing that was on my mind as I made my way into the college atmosphere; I was also thinking about doing things on my own and budgeting my time completely by myself. When the first week of classes started I was still worried, somewhat, of the step I was going to have to make in regards to the quality of work that I was going to have to do in order to pass with decent grades. In high school I had made procrastination an immense part of my life; however, it did not affect me too much. I noticed very quickly that the habit I had developed in high school was going to have to stop immediately or I would find myself back in Ft. Walton in no time at all. Consequently my noticing did not help out too well because I continued to procrastinate throughout the semester and found myself in deep voids that were extremely stressful. English paper after English paper I would be up the night before until three in the morning trying to finish it. If I only had started it a day or two earlier instead of putting it off I would have saved myself a lot of stress. Not only did the schoolwork affect my life, but my personal life was affected as well. My girlfriend and I had been dating for almost a year before I made my way to college. Although it was only an hour difference between us, my girlfriend and I had a lot of trouble adjusting to the time apart. Before I had left her and I had only spent very little time apart from each other. Besides schoolwork taking up a big portion of my time, the...

See Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

See Below - Essay Example Criminals can come from any social and economic strata of society. A petty street thug and even a depraved corporate executive can commit any crime against his or her fellow citizen. Crimes of varying degrees are done with utter impunity against helpless innocent people. One must ask where is the law in all this? What happened to the safeguards and the legal forces meant to protect the citizens of society? Sure there are the police force and other law enforcement agencies that are meant to track down and arrest criminals, but they can only apprehend and imprison such problematic characters. It can also be said that the laws of the land wish to spare the lives of those who would brutally and callously destroy the lives of others. Since criminals destroy countless lives and livelihood, why should they be spared from the death penalty? Support for the Death Penalty Before going through the reasons for the death penalty, it should be taken into consideration on how the psychology of deat h plays a great deal here. It can be said that the average human being is very attached to life, and will generally value his or her own survival above all else. In the face of death, a person will do whatever it takes to stay alive. Between two dilemmas that would avoid death, most human beings would choose either the simplistic solution or the one that can be negotiated. However, this attachment to life hides one of the strongest natural fears of any sentient living organism, which is the fear of death. People are generally afraid to die. It is in the natural psychology of every sentient organism that survival means the avoidance of death or destruction. A human being is even more aware of the fear of death among any other creature in this planet due to the mental ability to rationalize, imagine and have a complex degree of emotions and sentiment. Adding to the fact that human beings developed culture and beliefs that have ties towards the fear of death, a criminal may no less be afraid of death as much as the innocent bystander. A criminal who faces imminent death would experience the same drive to survive as any other normal human being. In understanding that psychology around death, it could be put into perspective that the death penalty would be a very pragmatic and useful means to lessen crime. One could consider it as a strong form of deterrent against active and possible criminals. It would act as both a message and a weapon against criminal acts, and would also be a sign to the citizens that there are active measures being done to ensure public safety, peace and order. Many important people, and some civilizations, in human history saw the practical value of the death penalty. To maintain a peaceful society, it is sometimes considered useful to bring about the fear of death amongst the whole population. Although the idea of using fear could be seen as a questionable course of action, the results would more or less bring the realization of justice and security to society. The use of the death penalty was deemed necessary by many political thinkers and national leaders to make sure that everyone in society does not make cause harm to one another. A very ancient example would be the application of Hammurabi’s Code in the Babylonian civilization. Created by the sixth king of the Babylonian empire named Hammurabi, the Hammurabi Code are a set of laws

Book Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Book Review - Essay Example Family theme is portrayed through the care shown to August by his parents and other children. For instance, August was homeschooled by his parents to avoid abuse by other people. The friendship theme is illustrated when August engages with other people reveal his abilities and smartness. He says, â€Å"It’s not enough to be friendly. You have to be a friend (Palacio, 22).† It is apparent that the protagonist did not fear what others say or think about him, exposing his bravery and courageous nature. For instance, the authors states, â€Å"Courage. Kindness. Friendship. Character. These are the qualities that define us as human beings, and propel us, on occasion, to greatness (Palacio, 58).† Palacio is a professional book cover designer known for creating exceptional designs for numerous publishers and authors. She qualifies as being the author having had experience in the industry spanning over 20 years dealing with different authors. The book is clearly organized in 8 parts showing Pullman’s first-person account with the influences of family members and classmates. This expands the story beyond the protagonist’s viewpoint, indicating that his admission at the school does not only affect him, but also the immediate community. The author also develops the themes in a logical manner to enable the audience understand the struggles that people endure in their daily

Racial disparity Essay Example for Free

Racial disparity Essay Prevalence of racial disparity in the criminal justice system is most troubling and critical problem for criminal justice executives as it directly affects the people. The safety and liberty of American people depend on integrity of American justice system but racial discrimination in the criminal justice system impairs this integrity, which in turn harms American people directly. So this is the most critical dilemma facing the criminal justice system managers at present. The causes of this racial discrimination are both subtle and intricate and are not easy to locate. However it is obvious that fault does not lie with American criminal laws but these are implemented in a manner that is substantially and pervasively biased. Certain factors external to American criminal laws like personal discretion, natural proclivity and mental approach of the people that responsible to implement these laws, also collaborate rendering distortion of these laws. This institutional materialization of racial discrimination in the justice system is the most critical people predicament facing mangers of American criminal justice system. Although certain legal reform has been suggested by various sector but past history manifests that criminal justice manager cannot simply legislate to put an end to this problem. Some concrete measure should be undertaken by criminal justice manager to solve this problem rather than redefining criminal justice system.

Biography Of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky :: essays research papers

Biography of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky (D-IL) Jan Schakowsky was elected to represent Illinois’ 9th Congressional District on November 3, 1998, after serving for eight years in the Illinois State Assembly. The 9th Congressional District encompasses city and suburbs, including the North Lakeshore of hicago, Evanston, Skokie, Niles, Morton Grove and several Northwest Side neighborhoods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A consumer and senior citizen advocate U.S. Representative Jan Schakowsky has fought throughout her career for economic and social improved life. She is support of universal health care coverage for all Americans, to investment in public education, and o seniors citizens, working families, and women issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schakowsky is active in the campaign to give 39 million senior citizens and persons with disabilities access to affordable prescription drugs. Schakowsky is also working to ensure that seniors receive quality home, hospice, and nursing home care. In 1969 Schakowsky led the fight that put freshness dates on products sold in the supermarket, Schakowsky carries on that tradition in Congress. She introduced the Financial Consumers’ Bill of Rights Act, a comprehensive bill to put an end to ATM surch ges and exorbitant bank fees, and to deliver real financial privacy protections for consumers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In her first term in office, she was successful in including provisions in major legislation to expand housing opportunities for low-income people and to assist small business owners and farmers. She is an active member of the Congressional Human Right Caucus and is a champion of expanding our nations’ hate crime laws. Following the vicious hate crimes committed against her constituents and others over the 4th of July weekend in 1999, her bill condemning acts of hate was passed by the full House.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She active in protecting children and putting an end to gun violence. In 1999, she organized the first national women’s forum on gun safety in Chicago and is working against the gun lobby to pass sensible gun safety measures that would save lives. Scha wsky also introduced major bills to increase federal assistance for abused women and children and to protect the rights of battered immigrant women. Schakowsky is working to deliver to the people of the 9th Congressional District superior services and a voice in congress when dealing with federal agencies. Representing one of the most diverse districts in the nation, Schakowsky immediately took on t Immigration and Naturalization Service on behalf of her constituents in order to bring to an end the agency’s culture of the â€Å"customer is always wrong. Biography Of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky :: essays research papers Biography of U.S. Representative Janice D. Schakowsky (D-IL) Jan Schakowsky was elected to represent Illinois’ 9th Congressional District on November 3, 1998, after serving for eight years in the Illinois State Assembly. The 9th Congressional District encompasses city and suburbs, including the North Lakeshore of hicago, Evanston, Skokie, Niles, Morton Grove and several Northwest Side neighborhoods.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A consumer and senior citizen advocate U.S. Representative Jan Schakowsky has fought throughout her career for economic and social improved life. She is support of universal health care coverage for all Americans, to investment in public education, and o seniors citizens, working families, and women issues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schakowsky is active in the campaign to give 39 million senior citizens and persons with disabilities access to affordable prescription drugs. Schakowsky is also working to ensure that seniors receive quality home, hospice, and nursing home care. In 1969 Schakowsky led the fight that put freshness dates on products sold in the supermarket, Schakowsky carries on that tradition in Congress. She introduced the Financial Consumers’ Bill of Rights Act, a comprehensive bill to put an end to ATM surch ges and exorbitant bank fees, and to deliver real financial privacy protections for consumers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In her first term in office, she was successful in including provisions in major legislation to expand housing opportunities for low-income people and to assist small business owners and farmers. She is an active member of the Congressional Human Right Caucus and is a champion of expanding our nations’ hate crime laws. Following the vicious hate crimes committed against her constituents and others over the 4th of July weekend in 1999, her bill condemning acts of hate was passed by the full House.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She active in protecting children and putting an end to gun violence. In 1999, she organized the first national women’s forum on gun safety in Chicago and is working against the gun lobby to pass sensible gun safety measures that would save lives. Scha wsky also introduced major bills to increase federal assistance for abused women and children and to protect the rights of battered immigrant women. Schakowsky is working to deliver to the people of the 9th Congressional District superior services and a voice in congress when dealing with federal agencies. Representing one of the most diverse districts in the nation, Schakowsky immediately took on t Immigration and Naturalization Service on behalf of her constituents in order to bring to an end the agency’s culture of the â€Å"customer is always wrong.

Adulteration in Food Essay

Adulteration in food is normally present in its most crude form; prohibited substances are either added or partly or wholly substituted. Normally the contamination/adulteration in food is done either for financial gain or due to carelessness and lack in proper hygienic condition of processing, storing, transportation and marketing. This ultimately results that the consumer is either cheated or often become victim of diseases. Such types of adulteration are quite common in developing countries or backward countries. It is equally important for the consumer to know the common adulterants and their effect on health. The increasing number of food producers and the outstanding amount of import foodstuffs enables the producers to mislead and cheat consumers. To differentiate those who take advantage of legal rules from the ones who commit food adulteration is very difficult. The  consciousness of consumers would be crucial. Ignorance and unfair market behavior may endanger consumer health and misleading can lead to poisoning. So we need simple screening tests for their detection. In the past few decades, adulteration of food has become one of the serious problems. Consumption of adulterated food causes serious diseases like cancer, diarrhoea, asthma, ulcers, etc. Majority of fats, oils and butter are paraffin wax, castor oil and hydrocarbons. Red chilli powder is mixed with brick powder and pepper is mixed with dried papaya seeds. These adulterants can be easily identified by simple chemical tests. Several agencies have been set up by the Government of India to remove adulterants from food stuffs. AGMARK – acronym for agricultural marketing†¦.this organization certifies food products for their quality. Its objective is to promote the Grading and Standardization of agricultural and allied commodities. Health care systems at Central, State, district or municipal levels have to implement various types of health programmes. But of these, the one which is most complicated, disappointing and frustrating is related to the prevention of food adulteration. For other types of health programmes, the manager has periods of satisfaction followed by periods of worry and concern; but, for those responsible for implementing prevention of food adulteration programme in a conscientious manner, it is nothing but continued agony. Any health care personnel responsible for administering this programme either at the administrative or at the operational level will have the same opinion. What is food adulteration? Food adulteration is the act of intentionally debasing the quality of food offered for sale either by the admixture or substitution of inferior substances or by the removal of some valuable ingredient. Food is declared adulterated if: * a substance is added which depreciates or injuriously affects it * cheaper or inferior substances are substituted wholly or in part * any valuable or necessary constituent has been wholly or in part abstracted * it is an imitation * it is colored or otherwise treated, to improve its appearance or if it contains any added substance injurious to health It is undoubtedly a social evil which can be regarded as the outcome of an interaction between a number of social, economic, technical and human behavioral factors. It is a manifestation of a sick society and can be regarded as a crime similar to other crimes like theft, burglary or murder. Like any other crime, food adulteration is expected to continue in our society as long as the existing factors which generate crime will continue. The question of eradication of food adulteration is an impossible task. Ugly Face of Food Adulteration ADULTERATION IN MILK Food adulteration is common in almost all developing countries. But its ugly face is not the same everywhere. In a developing country which is at the lowest rung of the development ladder, food adulteration consists of relatively simple measures, the best examples of which are the addition of water to milk, mixing inferior quality of food to more expensive varieties and the use of non-permitted and harmful colours in the preparation of homemade processed foods for sale. On the other hand, in countries which have a developed food industry sector, food adulteration has a broad spectrum starting from simple procedures to most complicated technological procedures needing high level technical competence. It is obvious that in such food adulteration, technical expertise of very high order is utilized by the adulterator in performing such type of crime. India unfortunately comes in the latter category. Starting from the simple procedure of adding water to milk or selling diluted buffalo milk as cow’s milk or using skimmed milk powder for making high quality milk, the adulteration process goes to the other extreme of utilizing non-permitted food additives in making processed package foods or making perfect imitations of well known brands of food which can sometimes escape the most careful scrutiny of the food inspectorate. Why Food Adulteration? Let us be clear that food adulteration in India under the law includes both willful adulteration of food and â€Å"substandard† foods which do not conform to the prescribed food standards but are not done intentionally. Taking an overall view of all types of food adulteration, three major underlying causes could be identified: * Inadequate availability of food to meet the demands of the consumer prompting the unscrupulous food traders to use any means to stretch the supply to earn more money. * ADULTERATION IN GHEE The more important reason is the basic dishonesty of the food traders and an urge to make quick and easy money. In fact, this urge to make money in an unscrupulous manner is possibly the basic reason for the majority of crimes committed in the modern day society, be it theft, burglary, bank looting or murder. This dishonesty to earn easy and quick money is not only restricted to the food traders who commit crime of food adulteration but can also apply with equal force to the law enforcer who might make an alliance with the food trader with most disastrous results. * There are significant numbers of cases of food adulteration committed by small traders due to their ignorance about the standards they are expected to maintain. It is true that all food standards after they are developed are circulated by government notification for the knowledge of all traders; but it is equally true that there is an abysmal gap between the traders and the law enforcers, especially when they are small and medium traders e.g. the street corner food sellers. How Prevalent is Food Adulteration? This is a question which is being posed for the last few decades with no clear cut answer. The statement issued from the government authorities on the basis of samples checked and the number prosecuted indicates that about 14 to 15 per cent of samples lifted are found to be adulterated. This is the most undependable and unrealistic estimate of the prevalence of this crime. Such data from the government reports can be regarded as the most distorted statistics since these are based on the samples lifted which is obviously a terribly biased sample based on the whims, likings, opportunities and the convenience of the food inspectorate. Anyone having a little knowledge of statistics would immediately come to the conclusion that  this is the most undependable estimate of prevalence of food adulteration in the country. On the other extreme are the views of the consumer that almost all foods in the country are adulterated by the unscrupulous food traders. It is obvious that the real answer lies in-between the two extremes. Need for a Realistic Study It is felt that there is an urgent need for an impartial scientific study to determine the prevalence of food adulteration in the country. Such study should not be undertaken by an interested party, the consumers or the law enforcers, but should be undertaken by a research institution in a properly designed and controlled manner. The National Institute of Health and Family Welfare and the Indian Council of Medical Research are ideally suited to undertake such a study in various parts of India in order to find out the extent of food adulteration, the types of foods which are commonly adulterated, the types of adulteration adopted, the common adulterants used, the health hazards of such type of adulteration and lastly, to explore as far as possible the motives for such adulteration. In other words, such a study will generate for the first time data on the basis of which one can develop an â€Å"anatomy of food adulteration† and possibly, get an idea of the â€Å"profiles of the food adulterators† and the reasons for such adulteration. The results of such a study will be an eye opener for the consumers, law enforcers and also for those who are brooding for decades as to the reasons of food adulteration and how to prevent this menace. Food Standards Prevention of food adulteration goes very closely with the establishment of food standards. The Central Committee of Food Standards, a statutory body in the Directorate-General of Health Services, Government of India, is responsible for laying down realistic standards. However, one should realize that the standards should be such which are enforceable and which are realistic. For instance, laying down a standard like â€Å"carbide should not be used for ripening of fruits† is only a wishful thinking because the rules do not prescribe how the standard can be enforced. A standard which is not enforceable is not a standard at all. Secondly, a standard must be realistic. The present standard that not a grain of Khesari Dal should be  present in any other sample of cereals or grams is not realistic since in is not practicable in the present agricultural practices. Even if 3 per cent of Khesari Dal is present as â€Å"foreign body†, which is permissible under the Rules, it is certainly not injurious for health. It does not mean pleading for the particular admixture of Khesari Dal with cereals. But it is being pointed out that the standard should consider the agriculture and other practices in the country and make those which are realistic. Similarly, the PFA Act and Rules should be reviewed in-depth. At the present moment, the rules are designed to catch the criminal after the crime has been committed. More attention should be given to know how to prevent this crime. In other countries, such programme is known as food safety or food control, which is more realistic than the prevention of food adulteration. How to Prevent Food Adulteration? Can this menace be eradicated? Like any other crime, food adulteration would continue. However, everyone will wish that this menace, like any other crime, be controlled significantly. In India, there are two extreme views which are in circulation. According to one view, we have to coexist with this crime for years to come but with suitable measures it could be brought down to a low level. The sense of co-existence with this crime has possibly emerged from a sense of frustration as over the decades we have witnessed the continuation of food adulteration without signs of abatement in spite of numerous measures taken by the government. The second view is that, with severe deterrent punishment and a strict enforcement of the legal measures, food adulteration could be eradicated almost to a stage of non-existence. It is difficult to say which the real answer is. At the moment, one could identify three different views coming from three different angles – from the enforcers of the control measures, the consumers and the traders – the three partners in the prevention of food adulteration. The enforcers which mean the government, municipal bodies and all others responsible directly or indirectly with the control of food adulteration will opine that the control of this menace needs a number of measures; only legal enforcement will not be enough. The basic requirements are providing adequate food supply at a reasonable price, setting up of realistic food standards which are enforceable and which can be attained by majority of the  traders (not only the big food industries but the common agricultural producers, traders and the medium and petty food processor), the minimum basic honesty on the part of the traders and the law enforcers, a band of committed inspectorate staff and of course, a harsh deterrent punishment for those who commit this crime. It has been mentioned for decades that if deterrent punishment is prescribed for food adulteration, this crime will disappear. A famous statement in the past was â€Å"Hang them on the nearest lamp post and adulteration will disappear† But this alone will not work. There is now a provision under the Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act and Rules those in extreme cases, life imprisonment could be awarded to those who commit food adulteration which is extremely injurious for health. Though this provision exists, so far not one person has been given this sentence. Lessons Learnt What lessons have we learnt in the implementation of a programme for food adulteration? India has the experience of running this programme for almost 30 years. Even now, we are not clear at all about the main facets of food adulteration. For example, it is extremely important to get some information about the prosecutions being made in the States and the municipal bodies during the last five years in order to answer certain questions like A. the percentage of prosecution launched against the big traders versus small and medium traders B. Percentage of prosecutions launched for dangerous adulterations versus innocuous adulteration. C. Percentage of prosecutions launched for complex types of adulteration versus simple adulteration. D. Percentage of prosecutions launched against institutional adulteration versus â€Å"unintentional adulteration†. This would throw considerable light on the motives of adulteration, the extent of adulteration, the gravity of adulteration, the mode of adulteration and the effectiveness of sampling adopted by the inspectorate. The lifting of sample is an area which needs considerable improvement and every one responsible for the enforcement of food adulteration would agree on this point. At the present moment, this is entirely on the discretion of the food inspectors which certainly could be much more rationalized and made more realistic. Result: Common adulterants present in ghee and oil are paraffin wax, hydrocarbons, dyes and argemone oil. Sugar is usually contaminated with  washing soda and other insoluble substances. Common adulterants present in chilli powder, turmeric powder and pepper are red colored lead salts, yellow lead salts and dried papaya seeds respectively. Selection of wholesome and non-adulterated food is essential for daily life to make sure that such foods do not cause any health hazard. It is not possible to ensure wholesome food only on visual examination when the toxic contaminants are present in ppm level. However, visual examination of the food before purchase makes sure to ensure absence of insects, visual fungus, foreign matters, etc. Therefore, due care taken by the consumer at the time of purchase of food after thoroughly examining can be of great help. Secondly, label declaration on packed food is very important for knowing the ingredients and nutritional value. It also helps in checking the freshness of the food and the period of best before use. The consumer should avoid taking food from an unhygienic place and food being prepared under unhygienic conditions. Such types of food may cause various diseases. Consumption of cut fruits being sold in unhygienic conditions should be avoided. It is always better to buy certified food from reputed shop. BIBLIOGRAPHY * ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA 2009 * www.wikipedia.com * www.answers.com * www.icbse.com * www.google.com